Flight engineers course notes
Title
Flight engineers course notes
Description
Covers maintenance and inspections, general orders and modifications, engineering manuals, types of inspection, form 700, change of serviceability and repair log, certificate of damage, types of wheels, form 79 log books, ticketing of aircraft, picketing, aircrew signals, airfield markings, recall signals, night flying procedures, and various other items.
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Coverage
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Multi page exercise book
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This content is available under a CC BY-NC 4.0 International license (Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial 4.0). It has been published ‘as is’ and may contain inaccuracies or culturally inappropriate references that do not necessarily reflect the official policy or position of the University of Lincoln or the International Bomber Command Centre. For more information, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/ and https://ibccdigitalarchive.lincoln.ac.uk/omeka/legal.
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Identifier
MGouldAG1605203-160708-05
Transcription
[THIS NOTEBOOK HAS BEEN WRITTEN USING THE RIGHT-HAND PAGES ONLY, RIGHT TO THE END AND THEN TURNED OVER TO CONTINUE BACK ON THE OPPOSITE PAGES, THEREFORE THIS TRANSCRIPTION FOLLOWS THE SAME FORMAT]
The ‘MILTON”
48 Pages
EXERCISE BOOK
SUBJECT Maintenance & Inspection. Engine Running & [indecipherable word]
NAME 1605203 Gould A.G.
ADDRESS
[page break]
[arithmetical tables]
[inverted] GOULD A.G. F.E. [indecipherable letters] [/inverted]
[page break]
[underlined] Maintenance & Inspection [/underlined]
[underlined] Airframes [/underlined]
A.P. 1574. [circled] Schedule & Technical Maintenance [/circled]
Maintenance Regs. (Form 700 etc) [underlined] Regular Inspection to find faults. [/underlined] D.I. makes a/c serviceable for 24 hours, Every time a/c lands – between flight inspection, not signed for. Every 40 Flying Hours Minor Inspection 320 Hours – Major Inspection.
[underlined] Cleaning & Anti Corrosive Treatment. [/underlined]
[underlined] Lubrication [/underlined] To give easy movement to working parts & to prevent seizing.
[underlined] Repairs & Replacements. [/underlined]
[underlined] Modifications. [/underlined] An alteration or improvement to existing standards.
[underlined] Testing [/underlined]
[underlined] Unit Maintenance Orders. [/underlined] These orders are issued by the C.O. To standardize [sic] the maintenance work of the station pointing out to all maintenance personall [sic] their responsibilities & preventing overlapping between sections, ensuring efficient maintenance works at all times.
To carry out this maintenance works it is necessary
[page break]
to refer to the following A.M. publications.
[underlined] A.P. 113 is a list and index of all A.M. publications. [/underlined]
The air publications for the particular type of a/c. eg AP1721 Beaufighter. 75 Spitfire.
[underlined] Each A.P. is in 3 volumes Volume 1 [/underlined] = Descriptive Handbook = Leading particulars – Instruction – Handling & Flying Notes for Pilot Particulars of Equipment etc at Crew Stations Details of Hydraulic & Pneumatic System etc, – Removal & Assembly Operation Maintenance notes for ground crew. [two indecipherable words] paints.
[underlined] Volume 2 Part 1 [/underlined]
[underlined] General Orders & Modifications. [/underlined]
Issued in leaflet form containing special instructions regarding the aircraft and details of modifications. As some mod’s are more important than others they are divided into 4 classes. [underlined] Class 1. [/underlined] Essential to safety. Embodied immediately. [underlined] Class 2 [/underlined] Essential to operational efficiency. Embodied as soon as possible. [underlined] Class 3 [/underlined] Simple Mods. Embodied at the discretion of the command. [underlined] Class 4 [/underlined] Embodied by makers or MUs on instructions.
[page break]
An index is provided in the Volume II Part 1 so that each mark can be traced.
[underlined] Volume II Part 2 Maintenance Schedule [/underlined]
[underlined] Volume II Part 3 Repair Scheme. [/underlined]
This classifies the damage, gives method of repair, Tools & materials to use, Anti Corrosive to apply after repair.
[underlined] Volume III Schedule of Spare Parts. [/underlined]
This may be termed catalogue of parts for a/c. [underlined] Every [/underlined] part is listed with part no. ref no. and full description. AGI Parts contained in aircraft are listed as well. The ref no. & full description must be quoted when ordering from stores.
[underlined] AP. [inserted] 1464 [/inserted] R.A.F. Engineering Manual. [/underlined]
This is a general Technical Publication dealing with all branches of Engineering in the R.A.F. It is in 2 Volumes Vol 1 being 2 parts A & B.
[underlined] Volume 1 A [/underlined] Log out of Workshops etc, Timber & Metals, Testing of Rad’s & Tanks, cleaning of aero engines etc, [underlined] Volume 1 B [/underlined] Measuring tools, Micrometer, Vernier etc,
[page break]
Deicing Equipment, Floatation Gear, Refuelling Equipment, (Picketing of a/c. Picketing IA).
[underlined] Volume II. [/underlined]
Issued in leaflet form, the leaflets containing information of a general Engineering application, which may be special order or general instruction in some cases amendment to Volume I.
[underlined] Inspections. [/underlined]
A/c are inspected Daily, between flights & periodically, (every so many flying hours)
[underlined] Daily Inspections [/underlined]
An aircraft is inspected once every 24 hours unless permission was given by the Flight Commander to the contrary in which case, one inspection in every 7 days is permissible. But should the a/c be required for flying during this period the daily must be carried out before it flies. The a/c is considered serviceable for 24 hours after a Q.I. unless a defect occurs it comes due for a periodical inspection or an extra inspection as is required for night flying, or it is heavily stressed. eg.
[page break]
a [underlined] heavy [/underlined] landing. Tradesman must sign for this inspection in the Form 700.
[underlined] Between Flight Inspection. [/underlined]
This is carried out with a machine lands and is a general check for defects which may have occurred during the flight – no signature required for the inspection.
[underlined] Periodicall. [sic] [/underlined]
These are based on flying hours – classified as Minor & Major inspections. Normally the minors occur every 40 Flying hours with the Major at 320. A cycle of inspection covering 7 Minor & 1 Major. To assist in obtaining maximum serviceability permission is given for periodical inspections to be interrupted or delayed by 5 flying hours.
[underlined] Volume II Part 2 Maintenance Schedule. [/underlined]
Issue I as per aircraft, to Command.
Issue II altered to suit conditions under which a/c is flying. The maintenance schedule gives in detail for the inspections carried out on the aircraft section I Daily & Between Flights Section II
[page break]
Periodical Inspections In each section will be found a [underlined] supplementary inspection record Form. [/underlined] This records any addition or alteration to the existing maintenance schedule. After all items have been inspected on the daily of the airframe signature of person responsible is placed in column 9 or 10 D.I. certificate Form 700.
[underlined] Section II Periodical Inspection. [/underlined]
This differs from daily [indecipherable word] as a signature is required for each item inspected. A Column A & B will be found for each inspection and if the item is correct the tradesman initials will be placed in Column A, if incorrect a X in Column A and when repaired the persons initials are placed in column B. When all items have been signed for throughout the section II the periodicall [sic] inspection certificate is filled in to certify that the inspection has been completed correctly. As some items require more frequent inspection than others a system of storring [sic] has been adopted to point out to tradesmen the
[page break]
item required on the various inspections.
Plain Items inspected every minor (Every 40 Hours)
1 Star Items inspected every other minor 80
2 Star Items inspected every 3rd minor 120
3 Star Items inspected every 4th minor 160
Items with the assembly group underlined and detail in Capital Letters, inspected at Majors only.
Example. [underlined] PL6 [/underlined] INSPECT ROOT END BOLTS FOR DAMAGE & SECURITY.
[underlined] Period [/underlined] [underlined] Items Inspected [/underlined]
40 Plain
80 Plain & 1 Star
120 Plain & 2 Star
160 Plain & 1 & 3 Star
200 Plain ONLY
240 Plain & 1 & 2 Star
280 Plain ONLY
320 Major Plain ALL ITEMS
[page break]
PP Power Plant Perhaps
UC Under Carriage You
CO Cockpit Can
FU Fuselage Fool
TA Tail Assembly The
PL Planes Pilot
& & &
GE General Grin
[underlined] FORM 700. [/underlined]
[underlined] Aeroplane Maintenance Form. [/underlined]
This may be regarded as a temporary history of the aircraft over a period of time as laid down in U.M.O’s. This may be the minor inspection period, 1 month, or until it is full. The form is divided up into various sections.
The first Blue Page points out when the next two periodical inspections are due and gives the rank and name of tradesman & N.C.O’s detailed for Maintenance Work on the a/c.
[page break]
[underlined] Daily Inspection Certificate. [/underlined]
This records total hours flown or run, Signature of Tradesman responsible for D.I, State of Fuel Tanks, Signature of NCO I/C Flight, (& Pilot) daily Flying Time.
[underlined] Change of Serviceability & Repair Log. [/underlined]
Recorded here are the changes in Serviceability of the a/c. The a/c is placed U/S by any competent airman by filling in columns 1 to 4 & 6 & informing the N.C.O. I/C Flight to that effect. The aircraft is placed U/S for repair replacement, modification, periodical inspections [underlined] (Not for a D.I.) [/underlined] or any other inspection deemed necessary. Details of what was found necessary to make the a/c serviceable again are entered in column 9. Signature of airman & NCO’s responsible in column 10 & 13 & finally column 14 is filled in by a competent officer or N.C.O. to make a/c serviceable.
[underlined] General [/underlined]
The form is filled in in ink or indelible pencil.
[page break]
No erasures should be allowed. When completed the 700’s are filed for reference purposes. Extensions to Inspection Periods are entered in the C of I & R Log signed by Flight Commander or Engineering Officer.
[underlined] Periodical Inspection Form 700 is not now used. [/underlined]
[underlined] Travelling Copy Form 700. [/underlined]
When an aircraft goes on a Flight to another station it carries a copy of the Form 700 known as the above, so that any maintenance work, filling of fuel tanks, inspections or repairs Found necessary, can be entered & signed for any such details are transferred to the original on return to Home Station
[page break]
[underlined] Classification of Damage to on Outer Lever [/underlined]
[table]
[page break]
Types of Wheels or F TYPE or Wellbase
G TYPE or Split Hub
H TYPE or Loose Flange
Tyre Creep Cause.
(1) Landing Snatch (2) Bad Braking (3) Insufficient Press. (4) Oil Seeping between Beads & Rims.
[sketch] Tyre Creep allowance
1” on undercarriage & tail wheels 3/4” on Nose Wheels. White strips painted on hub and tyre above widths.
[page break]
[underlined] Form 79 [/underlined]
[underlined] Flight Log Book [/underlined]
This form records the Daily Flights of each a/c giving the names of those airmen who fly in the aircraft, the duty they perform on the particular flight and the remarks by the pilot at the end of the flight. It may be filled in by an official time keeper or left on the flight desk for the ground crews of each machine to fill in their own times. The times of each flight are transferred to the form 700 at the end of the days flying.
[underlined] Forms Etc carried in A/C on Visits to other stations [/underlined]
Form 700 travelling Copy.
Section 1 of Maintenance Schedule.
Form 171 Pilots report on Damage.
[underlined] Flight Desk [/underlined]
This should be found in the Hangar and it should carry a watch, the following should also be found, Form 700 for all aircraft in the flight, Maintenance Schedule for all a/c in the Flight, U.M.O’s. Form 79 for the day, Flight Order Book, any other Maintenance Orders.
[page break]
[underlined] Log Books [/underlined]
This is the permanent history of the engine or airframe. From the time an engine or airframe enters the Royal Air Force a record is kept of all the [sic] happens to it until it is written off. The particulars are transfered [sic] from the 700’s & Maintenance Schedule etc. It consists of the following sections.
(1) Installation log, this records the installing & removal of airscrews, aero engines, automatic controls etc.
(2) Certificate & Transfer Log, The certificate is signed from time to time by a competent officer that the a/c is being maintained correctly and all log Book Entries are correct & up to date. The transfer Log records the transfer of a/c from 1 Station to another. The officer handing over & the officer receiving both sign the Log. [deleted] Flying [/deleted]
(3) [underlined] Flying & Running Time Log. [/underlined]
This records all the flying hours or running hours details of any special inspection by Makers or Contractors, details of any crashes or mishaps, and
[page break]
results of hours of Engines etc.
(4) Repair & Replacement Log.
(5) Modification Log.
[underlined] Miscellaneous Log. [/underlined]
Records the history of Components such as, V.P. Airscrew, Auxiliary Power Units, Automatic Controls etc. It laid out in some manner as Misc Log Book. The model Log Book is of Loose Leaf type the various sections housed in a Brown Binder.
[underlined] Form 1308 A/F Form 1309 Blue Binder Engine [/underlined]
[underlined] Picketing of Aircraft [/underlined]
There are two Main Types of Picketing - Temporary & Permanent. Before Picketing ref should be made to Vol. 1. for the anchorage points on the a/c and any special instructions regarding picketing.
Temporary Picketing.
[underlined] (after Forced Landing etc) [/underlined]
(a) Select Sheltered Spot taking advantage of building barns haystacks etc.
(b) Place a/c Head to Wind & apply parking brake
(c) Chock the wheels (1 behind 1 in front) each wheel
[page break]
& lock together. If chocks are not available run the wheels into a shallow trench.
(d) Lock all control surfaces in neutral position.
(e) with control locking gear lock control column & rudder bar in central position.
(f) fix pickets in the ground, screw or other type, ahead & astern of each wing tip & either side of the tail.
(g) Secure a/c to the pickets – fit weather proof cover to cockpit engine etc.
The lashing are of wire or rope chiefly the latter in dry weather the tension on the rope should be sufficient to allow the a/c to rock a little [underlined] latterally [sic] [/underlined] in wet weather enough slack should be left to allow for shrinkage. If necessary with a slack rope a weight should be placed midway in the rope to damp out the snatch.
All Pyrotechnic equipment, ammunition & loose articles should be removed from aircraft before picketing, ascertain also that fuel cocks
[page break]
& switches are in the off position.
[underlined] Screw Pickets [/underlined]
These are preferable to the other type and are in 2 lengths 5ft & 3ft 6” where pos us [sic] 5ft one a ground plate should alway [sic] be used with screw pickets which are entered to their full length lightly compressing the ground plate.
[underlined] [indecipherable word] Picket [/underlined]
[sketch]
Round Turn – Two Half Hitches – Clove Hitch. Knots used on Picketing.
[page break]
[underlined] Permanent Picketing [/underlined]
7 Block Circle [symbol] 40ft diameter 20ft apart. Each block has Anchor Rings. Used with Chains.
(a) A/c over suitable blocks
(b) Lock Controls
(c) Lock Control Surfaces
(d) Lash to either chain between 2 blocks or direct to block. Compressing aleo legs slightly.
(e) Lash to secondary picketing points.
f fit Weatherproof covers.
[sketch]
[page break]
[a] Meaning [b] Action by Pilot [c] By G. Crew [d] Meaning
[a] Start Engines – [b] Points to Engine & revolves Hand – [c] Repeats signal then raises arm above Head clenched thumb up. – [d] Engine ready
[c] or Raises Open Hand above Head – [d] Engine not Ready
[a] Ready to Rev – [b] As Above – [c] As Above – [d] Ready or Wait
[a] Chocks Away – [b] Waves side to side – [c] Removes Chocks Salutes & Stand Clear – [d] all Clear to Taxi
[a] Stand Clear – [b] As Above – [c] Gives Stop – [d] or [underlined] Wait [/underlined]
– [c] Raises Arm above Head Beckoning A/C forward – [d] Come Straight Ahead
– [c] As above 1 Hand still – [d] Turns towards still Hand
[a] Change Direction [b] Raises & Lowers Arm in Direction – [c] Points out obstruction after giving Stop.
[c] Crosses Arms above Head – [d] Switch off Engines.
[underlined] By Night [/underlined]
[underlined] Ground Crew [/underlined] [underlined] Meaning [/underlined]
Rotates Blue Torches Should High – Come Straight Ahead
1 Torch steady, other rotating – Turn towards steady Torch
Both still pointing to ground – Stop Keep Engines Running.
Torches criss-cross across Body – A/C at Parking Place Switch off Engines.
[page break]
[underlined] Ground Signals. [/underlined]
Responsibility for ground signals falls on Duty Pilot or Control Officer for the day, he is assisted by airmen in the laying out of the signals, the various signals are as follows :-
[underlined] Duty Flight [/underlined]
This signal consists of a white part surmounted by 2 yellow disks, set vertically & at rightangle [sic] to each other, it is placed in the vicinity of the flight in question, who receive all visiting a/c & carry out the necessary maintenance work required. [symbol]
[underlined] Signal Area [/underlined]
40 feet by 40 feet with a foot-wide strip [symbol] Situated outside the Watch Office or Control Tower & it is on this that most of the Signals are laid out. [underlined] The red square [/underlined] displayed in the top left hand corner indicates that the aerodrome is not open to civil a/c.
[underlined] Red Right-angled Arrow. [/underlined]
Indicates that all circuits must be made to the night before landing & when taking off no signal is displayed
[page break]
for left hand circuitS
[underlined] Red & Green Flags [/underlined]
Where variable circuit is in operation (OTU Training) the circuit is indicated to personnel on the ground by a Red flag being flown on the signal mast for left hand Circuits, Green for right. [sketch]
[underlined] A Yellow diagonal Bar on Red Square. [/underlined] [sketch]
Indicates that temporary obstructions exist on the aerodrome & care must be exercised on landing. Bottom Left to Top Right diagonal.
[underlined] Yellow diagonal Cross [/underlined] [sketch]
Total prohibition of all a/c Landing.
[underlined] Landing direction T 8’ 6” with Block Roll on Mast. [/underlined]
This is placed in the hollow square when light or variable winds are experienced & indicates that the wind sock is to be ignored, all a/c to land in the direction indicated by the T. All smoke indicators should be turned off.
[underlined] White Hollow Square [/underlined]
This 8’ 6” square indicates that practice bombing is in progress on the aerodrome, the target itself
[page break]
Is a white 15’ square placed the most suitably on the aerodrome.
[underlined] Red G on White Triangle 12’ [/underlined] [sketch]
Indicates the presence of gas, on landing the aircraft must turn up wind to the windward side of the aerodrome & await further orders. The presence of a red box on the triangle [sketch] indicates that a/c must [underlined] not [/underlined] land.
[underlined] A White Cross with a Red ball on Signal Mast [/underlined] [2 sketches]
Indicates Parachute jumping in progress
[underlined] A 6’ Yellow triangle piramid [sic] on Mast. [/underlined] [sketch]
Indicates to Pilots the Lorenze [sic] beam is in operation & must avoid turning across its path
[underlined] 2 Red balls on Mast [/underlined] [sketch]
Indicate that aircraft towing gliders are landing on aerodrome.
[underlined] 2 White disks joined by White Bar [/underlined] [sketch]
Indicates that aerodrome is unserviceable except for permanent run ways.
[page break]
[underlined] Recall Signals. [/underlined]
(1) White disks above T All a/c of that station to return to the aerodrome. [sketch]
(2) 2 White Disks at foot of T all a/c to return to their station. [sketch]
(3) 2 White Disks at both Ends of T, General recall of all a/c to the nearest station. [sketch]
[underlined] Croydon [/underlined]
A Block C on White oblong [sketch] Good Visibility
2 Block Bars [sketch] come in according to AM Orders. Weather Bad.
[underlined] Marking of Unserviceable Parts of Aerodrome. [/underlined]
The unserviceable area is enclosed by white corner pieces with white cross in the middle.
[diagram]
[page break]
for taxying purposes, white strips are attached to poles & are placed in the ground to mark the bad area.
[underlined] Night Flying Procedure. [/underlined]
The General Principle of Night Flying are the same throughout the RAF, although the system will vary, for instance an Ops Squadron will observe a different method to an F.T.S. The following system will be found in operation throughout RAF:-
1) [underlined] Standard Flare path [/underlined]
[diagram]
[page break]
The laying out of Flare Path is under the control of an officer who should see that all the necessary equipment is serviceable & he should organise [sic], ambulances, fire trucks, marshalling vehicle etc. The Flare path laid out overleaf may be laid out with parafin [sic] flares or glim lamps, The Parafin [sic] Flares are known as the [underlined] Money Flare [/underlined] or the [underlined] Goose Neck Flares. [/underlined] The Money Flare are generally used in foggy weather, double banked if necessary, they give a longer illumination that [sic] the goose neck & help to dispel the fog in their vicinity. The goose Neck is used in misty weather or emergency to put out the G.N. Flare pull the wick back into the spout. The Money Flare is pushed up & placed in the bucket & covered with the lid.
[underlined] Glim Lamps. [/underlined] These are used to Mark obstructions (Red) Boundaries (Amber) or to replace the Parafin Flares as the means of illumination for the Flare Path (White). The Glim Lamp is a small portable lamp operated by an accumulator in the body
[page break]
[rear cover]
[map of the United Kingdom}
[page break]
[inverted pages, working backwards though notebook]
[list of Kings and Queens of England]
[list of Historical Events]
[page break]
it has a small switch on the side the glass globes are interchangeable hence the Red, White & Amber.
[underlined] Angle of Glide [/underlined] indicator, this device is so placed so that the a/c clears all objects during the approach consists of three coloured lights so arranged that when the approach is properly sighted the pilot if too low sees a red light, too High a White light & if correct a Green Light. It is not used when the Flood light is in operation.
[underlined] Floodlight. [/underlined] This is switched on to illuminate the ground as the a/c comes in to land
[underlined] Aerodrome Marker Beacon. [/underlined]
Consists of a Neon Light mounted on a trailer, situated near the aerodrome, it Flashes a Red Morse Characteristic.
[underlined] Illuminated Wind Indicator. [/underlined]
Consists of a large White T mounted on wheels The upper surface illuminated with White Electric Lamps. The T is placed into the wind & by switching out various lights the speed of the wind can be given. The T is placed near the Watch office.
[page break]
[underlined] The Macdonald Flare Path. [/underlined]
[sketch]
[page break]
[underlined] Macdonald Flare Path [/underlined]
Designed to permit the safe landing of a/c in Wartime especially when hostile a/c are in the vicinity. It can be switched off or on instantaneously. It can be varied in strength according to visibility it is directional & can be seen from down wind. It cannot be seen from an a/c flying directly above the aerodrome, which makes it difficult for the enemy to bomb the flare path. It consists of electric cable attached to the flood light & 8 special electric Lanterns in the form of an L attached by a plug & lead to the main cable.
[underlined] Drem System. [/underlined]
This system is the one in general use today.
[underlined] The outer circle [/underlined] is a series of lights strung round the extremities of the aerodrome on a radius of 2,000 yards, lights normally 700 yards apart reduced to 350 at the funnels.
[underlined] Funnels. [/underlined] opposite the openings of each runway. It is a narrowing funnel 200 yds deep averaging 350 yds wide at the outer circle, the lighting is so arranged
[page break]
so that any one funnel can be switched on or off at will also independent of the outer circle lighting
[underlined] Floodlight. [/underlined]
Indicates to descending a/c which funnel to use for correct landing is placed approx 500 from the outer circle. on the left hand Side of the funnel pointing inwards.
[underlined] Runway lights. [/underlined]
Along each side of the runway lamps are lit into the ground or plug points are provided for lamps similar to the glim lamp, they are so hooded that only the left hand lamps are seen by the pilot taking off or landing. The third lamp is duplicated to indicate to the pilot that he will overshoot if he doesn’t touch down before he reaches it. At either end of the runway are 10ft totem poles on which are placed a series of lights a foot apart (hooded lights) those facing inward a [sic] white those facing out are red. Only the totem pole lights facing the direction of approach are lit at any one time.
[underlined] The glide path indicator [/underlined] is for the usual purpose
[page break]
[underlined] Using the Area. [/underlined]
Take off – Left hand pathway of runway lit near side of the totem poles lit and the up wind funnel. The outer circle lights will be off in most cases.
[underlined] Landing [/underlined]
Left hand of flare path & near side of totem poles lit angle of glide lit & down wind funnel Passing through funnel pilot sees red lights of totem poles & the lights of the angle of glide then the flare path the end of which will be shown by the white lights on the far totem pole. As the aircraft passes the down wind funnel the up wind funnel will be switched on.
In bad weather the outer circle will be lit and the searchlight switch onto the correct funnel.
In this case the pilot will contact the outer circle bear right and fly round it in a left hand turn when he will come across the searchlight he will then bear right, turn left round the searchlight & then straight down the funnel.
[page break]
all lighting is controlled from control tower or watch office.
[underlined] Maintenance & Engine Running. [/underlined]
Fire Extinguisher, Suitable Ground, Tail Clearance of any objects essential. Nose to Wind
(1) [underlined] Handling Aircraft [/underlined] [symbol] Tail first. Use of Chocks.
(2) [underlined] Refuelling. [/underlined]
100 Octane Green 87 Blue 73 Orange Yellow 90 Octane Blend of 100 + 87 [indecipherable word] also blended. All Service Tanks marked clearly with their fuels Octane No. Hose must go over leading edge, bowser placed for quick getaway. Nozzle Bonded. [indecipherable word] nozzle. Oil filter cleaned every 600 galls Fuel Filter every 100 gallons.
(3) [underlined] Cockpit Preparation. [/underlined]
AMOA.172 Against Orders to run up with Brakes On. [inserted] 25/2/43 [/inserted] Running testing & handing on the ground A.M.O.A172. [indecipherable word] many orders combined in Volume 1.
[page break]
[underlined] Procedure [/underlined]
(1) Gun Button Safe. (2) Switches off. (3) Check all Hydraulic & Pneumatic Selector Levers. U/C Down Flaps up.
[underlined] Starting [/underlined]
Gills must be open when starting. Air Intake Shutters in the Cold Air position, open. for fire precautions & lock fire precaution.
[underlined] Throttle [/underlined] Individual opening
[underlined]M/C [/underlined] Controlled at Normal.
[underlined] Petrol [/underlined] turned on.
[underlined] Airscrew [/underlined] Control must be Fully Fine.
[underlined] 2 speed Blower [/underlined] in M Gear
[underlined] Starting [/underlined] Check airscrew for hydraulic lock.
[sketch]
[page break]
Press button for 10 seconds only then 25 seconds rest.
[underlined] Warming Up. [/underlined] Synchronis [sic] Period when vibrations [indecipherable word]. AMO’s Order [underlined] no [/underlined] long periods of slow running First thing oil pressure – immediate response or cut engine.
Slow run over 800 revs to splash oil
H.I.O.P. should put pressure off dial.
Shut air intake shutters.
Oil pressure should drop to somewhere around 80 [symbol]”. 15⁰C. Emergency with 100lb [symbol] [indecipherable word] 5⁰C.
With HIOP Take off Emergency 100 “5”⁰C. with 100lbs [symbol]”.
Glyc 133 [2 indecipherable words] Glycol 344A with [indecipherable word] water
Run between 800 & 1200 until oil reaches 80lb [symbol]”
[underlined] Cylinder Temp [/underlined] Minimum Ground Test 100 Minimum Take off 120.
Limitation for Cruising should not be exceeded on the Ground.
[page break]
[underlined] Ground Test Checking [/underlined]
[underlined] Perseus X & Perseus XA [/underlined]
Warm up Engine @ 800 – 1000 RPM till Oil Pressure settles & Temp is 15⁰C
Run Engine @ 2400 RPM @ 1 1/2 lb [symbol]” boost.
(1) Check oil Pressure LBS [symbol]”
(2) Check oil Temp. ⁰C
(3) Check Cylinder Head Temp ⁰C
[underlined] Check Automatic M/C [/underlined]
(1) Check Constant Speed Control @ Max RPM.
(2) Throttle set to -1/2lb [symbol]” boost (Max Rich Cruising)
(3) Mixture Control Lever in Normal or Auto Rich
(4) Change M/C from Normal to Weak. RPM should drop Change back to Normal, Revs should reach Original.
[underlined] Power Checks (Check Boost & RPM) [/underlined]
(1) Mixture Control Normal
(2) Throttle in Y.O.B. Position.
[underlined] (3) R.P.M. Control in Max R.P.M. Check RPM & Boost [/underlined]
(1) Mixture Control in Normal
(2) Throttle in Max Climbing Boost Position.
(3) R.P.M Control in Max R.P.M. Check RPM & Boost or Controlling at 2400 RPM.
[page break]
(1) Mixture Control in Auto Weak
(2) Throttle in Economical Cruising
(3) RPM Lever in Max RPM. Check RPM & Boost
[underlined] Check Magnetos [/underlined]
(1) Run Engine @ Max Rich [indecipherable word] & 1 1/2lb Boost
(2) R.P.M. Control @ Max R.P.M.
(3) M/C Normal.
[underlined] Check Mags Independently, Note drop in Revs. [/underlined]
[underlined] Check Constant Speed Drop from F to C [/underlined]
(1) M/C. Normal
(2) Throttle set to give -1/2lb [symbol]“ Boost [inserted] 2400 [/inserted] (Max Cruising)
(3) RPM Lever Max RPM.
Move Lever to Min RPM, Note drop in RPM move Lever back to Max RPM.
[underlined] Constant Speed Check. [/underlined]
(1) Set RPM @ 2400 RPM (Controlling)
(2) Throttle still @ -1/2lb Boost
(3) Move Throttle Lever “Slowly” Backwards & forward. to vary the Boost Pressure 1/2lb either side of the Boost Reading, RPM should Remain Constant
[page break]
[underlined] Check 2 Speed Blower [/underlined] Wellington
(1) M/C Normal or Auto Rich
(2) Throttle set to Climbing Boost (1 1/2lb Boost [underlined indecipherable word])
(3) RPM Lever in Max RPM.
(4) Supercharger in M. Gear Ratio.
(5) Change to L. Gear Ratio “Without Dwell” note momentary drop in Oil Pressure, boost should remain the same, RPM will drop slightly approx 50 – 100 RPM.
[underlined] Wellington is 2 1/2 boost & set 1 1/2 as [indecipherable word] Limiting operational Conditions. [/underlined]
[underlined] Takeoff [/underlined]
Maximum for 1000 ft or 3 minute
Max RPM 2650
Minimum 2180
Boost +3lbs [symbol]”
[underlined] Max Climbing. [/underlined]
Max Climbing RPM 2400
Boost + 1 1/2lb [symbol]”
Cylinder Head Temp 250⁰ C (30 minutes Limit)
[page break]
[underlined] Max Level Flight [/underlined]
Max Level Flight (5 minute limit) RPM 2750
Boost +3lb [symbol]”
Cylinder Head Temp 260⁰ C.
[underlined] Max Cruising [/underlined]
Max Cruising (With Auto Rich Mixture) RPM. 2400
Boost +1 1/4lb [symbol]”
Cylinder Temp 230⁰ C.
[underlined] Max Cruising (Auto Weak Mixture) RPM. 2400 [/underlined]
Boost +1 1/4lb [symbol]”
Cylinder Temp 230⁰ C.
[underlined] Max Cruising [/underlined] (Auto Weak Mixture) RPM 2400
Boost -1/2lb [symbol]”
Cylinder Temp 230⁰ C.
[underlined] Maximum for Terminal Velocity Dive (Not over 20 secs) [/underlined]
Max T.V. Dive RPM 3120
Boost +3lb [symbol]”
[underlined] Inlet Oil Temperatures [/underlined]
T.O. Minimum for Cold Starting (H.I.O.P.) 5⁰ C.
Minimum Recommended 15⁰ C. Max for Cruising 70⁰ C.
Max for Climbing (30 min Limit) 80⁰ C.
[page break]
Emergency Max (5 min Limit) 90⁰ C.
[underlined] Oil Pressure [/underlined]
Normal 80lb [symbol]”. Emergency Minimum 10lbs [symbol]”
All the above information and that relevant to any engine, may be found in the description handbook volume 1 of that engine or aeroplane. The starting procedure as well as ground checks & running must be taken only from the handbook.
[underlined] U.M.O’s [/underlined]
Part 1 Squadron C.O. Guide Book
Part 2 Maintenance for all trades
Issue 1 Air Ministry to Command
Issue 2 Command to Squadron
Squadron C.O. can only add to Issue 2 not delete.
A. Airframe B Engine C Instrument Repairs. &
AP 1538 VP & adjustable Airscrew.
1181 Starter Systems
1182 Parachutes
1374 Magnetos
1574 Aeroplane Maintenance Regulations
1095 Electrical Equipment
1260 Schedule of Plugs & Accessory’s
[page break]
[underlined] Coffman Starter [/underlined]
Needs specialised maintenance at factory – made of S. Steel – operated through electric circuit.
Cartridge drives engine through 3 1/2 turns – contains [indecipherable word]. Starts with all switches in [underlined] on [/underlined] position.
[sketch]
[page break]
Parachutes
DYD 67 English Silk 22 – 24 ft span
2 ft hole. 24 gores divided in 4 panels 2 point Detachable
[underlined] Inspect following before Flight [/underlined]
(1) See that safety thread is intact on the locking pins.
(2) See that the locking Pins are not bent.
(3) Examine the pack cover for dampness, damage or acid contamination.
(4) Examine harness & stitching
(5) See that harness fits securely (Loose harness fatal)
(6) See that the quick release box functions freely.
(7) For observer type see that snap hook works freely and that the Spring Clips are OK.
[page break]
[underlined] Running Faults [/underlined]
[underlined] Engine Overheating. [/underlined] Possible causes include weak mixture due to cracked manifold, or leaky induction system. Ignition timing or valve timing incorrect. Faulty cooling, including incorrect use of cowling gills or faulty baffling (air cooled) and insufficient coolant or use of flap controls (liquid cooled) Incorrect grade of oil, insufficient oil in circulation.
[underlined] Low Oil Pressure. [/underlined] Possible causes include incorrect grade of oil, insufficient oil, air leak on suction side of pump (this will cause fluctuation on pressure gauge) Choked filters, obstruction in pipe line, relief valve spring fatigued, faulty pump, U/S gauge, Worn Bearings, Oil Temp too High.
[underlined] Engine Runs Rough & Vibration [/underlined] Possible causes include Weak engine mountings, loose bearer bolts, U/S Plugs, or leads, Sticking valves, broken valve springs, Leaky Induction System, Propeller out of track, loose on shaft, or out of balance (blades damaged).
[page break]
[underlined] Popping Back in Air Intake [/underlined] Possible causes include Slow running cut-out incorrectly adjusted, dirty plugs (ignition pre), weak mixture, sticking valves, broken valve spring, leaky induction, U/S contact breaker.
[underlined] Engine fails to develop full Power. [/underlined] Possible causes include, valve clearances incorrect, broken valve spring, sticking valves, Piston rings broken, weak or seized, Valves leaking, Shorting H.T. lead, Magneto dirty or incorrectly timed, Loose or U/S plugs, Over heating, weak mixture, Rich mixture, Popping back, low or fluctuating Boost Pressure, Throttle incorrectly adjusted.
[underlined] Rich Mixture [/underlined] Possible causes include, incorrect needle projection (SU) Porous float, worn or dirty needle valve, power jet incorrectly timed, priming pump not screwed down, fuel pressure too high. (pump spring)
[underlined] Weak Mixture. [/underlined] Possible causes include. Leaking induction system, Choked jets, filters or pipe lines, float on needle valve stuck, leaking or maladjusted mixture control, fuel pressure
[page break]
too low, leak on suction side of pump (fuel), Needle Projection (Rolls Royce) incorrectly Set.
[underlined] Halifax [/underlined]
Start – check switches [inserted] 600 [/inserted] & temperature – Open throttle to Zero [inserted] 2550 [/inserted] Boost – change from Fine to Course Revs drop may be 700 or over do this twice. Check Constant Speed Unit – RPM Lever midway (4) Pull Throttle back then open up – revs remain same – boost [indecipherable word] Push RPM lever back to Fine.
2 Speed Blower – Zero Boost Change from M to S – Drop in Revs Momentary Rise in Revs.
[underlined] Check Mags. [/underlined] XX +7 X +4
At +1
Throttle Back to 1,000 or just over then snap Throttle shut to make sure Engine does not stop.
[page break]
Revision
[underlined] Electrics [/underlined]
The Current varies in [underlined] proportion [/underlined] to the voltage
The Current varies in inverse proportion to the resistance
Watts = Power generated = V x I. [symbol] [symbol]
Resistance in Parallel = I/R = I/R + I/R + I/R
Resistance in Series = R = R + R + R
Batteries in Parallel + = + — - — No Increase in Voltage Increase in Amp hours
Batteries in Series + - — + — — Increase voltage No increase in capacity.
No Connection of Bank of Batteries unless same [symbol] voltage x [symbol]
Field strength = Amps time * No of Wire Turns.
V = No of Turns of Wire x Speed of Turning X x Field Strength.
[sketch]
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[blank page]
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[blank page]
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[blank page]
[page break]
[blank page]
[arithmetical tables]
The ‘MILTON”
48 Pages
EXERCISE BOOK
SUBJECT Maintenance & Inspection. Engine Running & [indecipherable word]
NAME 1605203 Gould A.G.
ADDRESS
[page break]
[arithmetical tables]
[inverted] GOULD A.G. F.E. [indecipherable letters] [/inverted]
[page break]
[underlined] Maintenance & Inspection [/underlined]
[underlined] Airframes [/underlined]
A.P. 1574. [circled] Schedule & Technical Maintenance [/circled]
Maintenance Regs. (Form 700 etc) [underlined] Regular Inspection to find faults. [/underlined] D.I. makes a/c serviceable for 24 hours, Every time a/c lands – between flight inspection, not signed for. Every 40 Flying Hours Minor Inspection 320 Hours – Major Inspection.
[underlined] Cleaning & Anti Corrosive Treatment. [/underlined]
[underlined] Lubrication [/underlined] To give easy movement to working parts & to prevent seizing.
[underlined] Repairs & Replacements. [/underlined]
[underlined] Modifications. [/underlined] An alteration or improvement to existing standards.
[underlined] Testing [/underlined]
[underlined] Unit Maintenance Orders. [/underlined] These orders are issued by the C.O. To standardize [sic] the maintenance work of the station pointing out to all maintenance personall [sic] their responsibilities & preventing overlapping between sections, ensuring efficient maintenance works at all times.
To carry out this maintenance works it is necessary
[page break]
to refer to the following A.M. publications.
[underlined] A.P. 113 is a list and index of all A.M. publications. [/underlined]
The air publications for the particular type of a/c. eg AP1721 Beaufighter. 75 Spitfire.
[underlined] Each A.P. is in 3 volumes Volume 1 [/underlined] = Descriptive Handbook = Leading particulars – Instruction – Handling & Flying Notes for Pilot Particulars of Equipment etc at Crew Stations Details of Hydraulic & Pneumatic System etc, – Removal & Assembly Operation Maintenance notes for ground crew. [two indecipherable words] paints.
[underlined] Volume 2 Part 1 [/underlined]
[underlined] General Orders & Modifications. [/underlined]
Issued in leaflet form containing special instructions regarding the aircraft and details of modifications. As some mod’s are more important than others they are divided into 4 classes. [underlined] Class 1. [/underlined] Essential to safety. Embodied immediately. [underlined] Class 2 [/underlined] Essential to operational efficiency. Embodied as soon as possible. [underlined] Class 3 [/underlined] Simple Mods. Embodied at the discretion of the command. [underlined] Class 4 [/underlined] Embodied by makers or MUs on instructions.
[page break]
An index is provided in the Volume II Part 1 so that each mark can be traced.
[underlined] Volume II Part 2 Maintenance Schedule [/underlined]
[underlined] Volume II Part 3 Repair Scheme. [/underlined]
This classifies the damage, gives method of repair, Tools & materials to use, Anti Corrosive to apply after repair.
[underlined] Volume III Schedule of Spare Parts. [/underlined]
This may be termed catalogue of parts for a/c. [underlined] Every [/underlined] part is listed with part no. ref no. and full description. AGI Parts contained in aircraft are listed as well. The ref no. & full description must be quoted when ordering from stores.
[underlined] AP. [inserted] 1464 [/inserted] R.A.F. Engineering Manual. [/underlined]
This is a general Technical Publication dealing with all branches of Engineering in the R.A.F. It is in 2 Volumes Vol 1 being 2 parts A & B.
[underlined] Volume 1 A [/underlined] Log out of Workshops etc, Timber & Metals, Testing of Rad’s & Tanks, cleaning of aero engines etc, [underlined] Volume 1 B [/underlined] Measuring tools, Micrometer, Vernier etc,
[page break]
Deicing Equipment, Floatation Gear, Refuelling Equipment, (Picketing of a/c. Picketing IA).
[underlined] Volume II. [/underlined]
Issued in leaflet form, the leaflets containing information of a general Engineering application, which may be special order or general instruction in some cases amendment to Volume I.
[underlined] Inspections. [/underlined]
A/c are inspected Daily, between flights & periodically, (every so many flying hours)
[underlined] Daily Inspections [/underlined]
An aircraft is inspected once every 24 hours unless permission was given by the Flight Commander to the contrary in which case, one inspection in every 7 days is permissible. But should the a/c be required for flying during this period the daily must be carried out before it flies. The a/c is considered serviceable for 24 hours after a Q.I. unless a defect occurs it comes due for a periodical inspection or an extra inspection as is required for night flying, or it is heavily stressed. eg.
[page break]
a [underlined] heavy [/underlined] landing. Tradesman must sign for this inspection in the Form 700.
[underlined] Between Flight Inspection. [/underlined]
This is carried out with a machine lands and is a general check for defects which may have occurred during the flight – no signature required for the inspection.
[underlined] Periodicall. [sic] [/underlined]
These are based on flying hours – classified as Minor & Major inspections. Normally the minors occur every 40 Flying hours with the Major at 320. A cycle of inspection covering 7 Minor & 1 Major. To assist in obtaining maximum serviceability permission is given for periodical inspections to be interrupted or delayed by 5 flying hours.
[underlined] Volume II Part 2 Maintenance Schedule. [/underlined]
Issue I as per aircraft, to Command.
Issue II altered to suit conditions under which a/c is flying. The maintenance schedule gives in detail for the inspections carried out on the aircraft section I Daily & Between Flights Section II
[page break]
Periodical Inspections In each section will be found a [underlined] supplementary inspection record Form. [/underlined] This records any addition or alteration to the existing maintenance schedule. After all items have been inspected on the daily of the airframe signature of person responsible is placed in column 9 or 10 D.I. certificate Form 700.
[underlined] Section II Periodical Inspection. [/underlined]
This differs from daily [indecipherable word] as a signature is required for each item inspected. A Column A & B will be found for each inspection and if the item is correct the tradesman initials will be placed in Column A, if incorrect a X in Column A and when repaired the persons initials are placed in column B. When all items have been signed for throughout the section II the periodicall [sic] inspection certificate is filled in to certify that the inspection has been completed correctly. As some items require more frequent inspection than others a system of storring [sic] has been adopted to point out to tradesmen the
[page break]
item required on the various inspections.
Plain Items inspected every minor (Every 40 Hours)
1 Star Items inspected every other minor 80
2 Star Items inspected every 3rd minor 120
3 Star Items inspected every 4th minor 160
Items with the assembly group underlined and detail in Capital Letters, inspected at Majors only.
Example. [underlined] PL6 [/underlined] INSPECT ROOT END BOLTS FOR DAMAGE & SECURITY.
[underlined] Period [/underlined] [underlined] Items Inspected [/underlined]
40 Plain
80 Plain & 1 Star
120 Plain & 2 Star
160 Plain & 1 & 3 Star
200 Plain ONLY
240 Plain & 1 & 2 Star
280 Plain ONLY
320 Major Plain ALL ITEMS
[page break]
PP Power Plant Perhaps
UC Under Carriage You
CO Cockpit Can
FU Fuselage Fool
TA Tail Assembly The
PL Planes Pilot
& & &
GE General Grin
[underlined] FORM 700. [/underlined]
[underlined] Aeroplane Maintenance Form. [/underlined]
This may be regarded as a temporary history of the aircraft over a period of time as laid down in U.M.O’s. This may be the minor inspection period, 1 month, or until it is full. The form is divided up into various sections.
The first Blue Page points out when the next two periodical inspections are due and gives the rank and name of tradesman & N.C.O’s detailed for Maintenance Work on the a/c.
[page break]
[underlined] Daily Inspection Certificate. [/underlined]
This records total hours flown or run, Signature of Tradesman responsible for D.I, State of Fuel Tanks, Signature of NCO I/C Flight, (& Pilot) daily Flying Time.
[underlined] Change of Serviceability & Repair Log. [/underlined]
Recorded here are the changes in Serviceability of the a/c. The a/c is placed U/S by any competent airman by filling in columns 1 to 4 & 6 & informing the N.C.O. I/C Flight to that effect. The aircraft is placed U/S for repair replacement, modification, periodical inspections [underlined] (Not for a D.I.) [/underlined] or any other inspection deemed necessary. Details of what was found necessary to make the a/c serviceable again are entered in column 9. Signature of airman & NCO’s responsible in column 10 & 13 & finally column 14 is filled in by a competent officer or N.C.O. to make a/c serviceable.
[underlined] General [/underlined]
The form is filled in in ink or indelible pencil.
[page break]
No erasures should be allowed. When completed the 700’s are filed for reference purposes. Extensions to Inspection Periods are entered in the C of I & R Log signed by Flight Commander or Engineering Officer.
[underlined] Periodical Inspection Form 700 is not now used. [/underlined]
[underlined] Travelling Copy Form 700. [/underlined]
When an aircraft goes on a Flight to another station it carries a copy of the Form 700 known as the above, so that any maintenance work, filling of fuel tanks, inspections or repairs Found necessary, can be entered & signed for any such details are transferred to the original on return to Home Station
[page break]
[underlined] Classification of Damage to on Outer Lever [/underlined]
[table]
[page break]
Types of Wheels or F TYPE or Wellbase
G TYPE or Split Hub
H TYPE or Loose Flange
Tyre Creep Cause.
(1) Landing Snatch (2) Bad Braking (3) Insufficient Press. (4) Oil Seeping between Beads & Rims.
[sketch] Tyre Creep allowance
1” on undercarriage & tail wheels 3/4” on Nose Wheels. White strips painted on hub and tyre above widths.
[page break]
[underlined] Form 79 [/underlined]
[underlined] Flight Log Book [/underlined]
This form records the Daily Flights of each a/c giving the names of those airmen who fly in the aircraft, the duty they perform on the particular flight and the remarks by the pilot at the end of the flight. It may be filled in by an official time keeper or left on the flight desk for the ground crews of each machine to fill in their own times. The times of each flight are transferred to the form 700 at the end of the days flying.
[underlined] Forms Etc carried in A/C on Visits to other stations [/underlined]
Form 700 travelling Copy.
Section 1 of Maintenance Schedule.
Form 171 Pilots report on Damage.
[underlined] Flight Desk [/underlined]
This should be found in the Hangar and it should carry a watch, the following should also be found, Form 700 for all aircraft in the flight, Maintenance Schedule for all a/c in the Flight, U.M.O’s. Form 79 for the day, Flight Order Book, any other Maintenance Orders.
[page break]
[underlined] Log Books [/underlined]
This is the permanent history of the engine or airframe. From the time an engine or airframe enters the Royal Air Force a record is kept of all the [sic] happens to it until it is written off. The particulars are transfered [sic] from the 700’s & Maintenance Schedule etc. It consists of the following sections.
(1) Installation log, this records the installing & removal of airscrews, aero engines, automatic controls etc.
(2) Certificate & Transfer Log, The certificate is signed from time to time by a competent officer that the a/c is being maintained correctly and all log Book Entries are correct & up to date. The transfer Log records the transfer of a/c from 1 Station to another. The officer handing over & the officer receiving both sign the Log. [deleted] Flying [/deleted]
(3) [underlined] Flying & Running Time Log. [/underlined]
This records all the flying hours or running hours details of any special inspection by Makers or Contractors, details of any crashes or mishaps, and
[page break]
results of hours of Engines etc.
(4) Repair & Replacement Log.
(5) Modification Log.
[underlined] Miscellaneous Log. [/underlined]
Records the history of Components such as, V.P. Airscrew, Auxiliary Power Units, Automatic Controls etc. It laid out in some manner as Misc Log Book. The model Log Book is of Loose Leaf type the various sections housed in a Brown Binder.
[underlined] Form 1308 A/F Form 1309 Blue Binder Engine [/underlined]
[underlined] Picketing of Aircraft [/underlined]
There are two Main Types of Picketing - Temporary & Permanent. Before Picketing ref should be made to Vol. 1. for the anchorage points on the a/c and any special instructions regarding picketing.
Temporary Picketing.
[underlined] (after Forced Landing etc) [/underlined]
(a) Select Sheltered Spot taking advantage of building barns haystacks etc.
(b) Place a/c Head to Wind & apply parking brake
(c) Chock the wheels (1 behind 1 in front) each wheel
[page break]
& lock together. If chocks are not available run the wheels into a shallow trench.
(d) Lock all control surfaces in neutral position.
(e) with control locking gear lock control column & rudder bar in central position.
(f) fix pickets in the ground, screw or other type, ahead & astern of each wing tip & either side of the tail.
(g) Secure a/c to the pickets – fit weather proof cover to cockpit engine etc.
The lashing are of wire or rope chiefly the latter in dry weather the tension on the rope should be sufficient to allow the a/c to rock a little [underlined] latterally [sic] [/underlined] in wet weather enough slack should be left to allow for shrinkage. If necessary with a slack rope a weight should be placed midway in the rope to damp out the snatch.
All Pyrotechnic equipment, ammunition & loose articles should be removed from aircraft before picketing, ascertain also that fuel cocks
[page break]
& switches are in the off position.
[underlined] Screw Pickets [/underlined]
These are preferable to the other type and are in 2 lengths 5ft & 3ft 6” where pos us [sic] 5ft one a ground plate should alway [sic] be used with screw pickets which are entered to their full length lightly compressing the ground plate.
[underlined] [indecipherable word] Picket [/underlined]
[sketch]
Round Turn – Two Half Hitches – Clove Hitch. Knots used on Picketing.
[page break]
[underlined] Permanent Picketing [/underlined]
7 Block Circle [symbol] 40ft diameter 20ft apart. Each block has Anchor Rings. Used with Chains.
(a) A/c over suitable blocks
(b) Lock Controls
(c) Lock Control Surfaces
(d) Lash to either chain between 2 blocks or direct to block. Compressing aleo legs slightly.
(e) Lash to secondary picketing points.
f fit Weatherproof covers.
[sketch]
[page break]
[a] Meaning [b] Action by Pilot [c] By G. Crew [d] Meaning
[a] Start Engines – [b] Points to Engine & revolves Hand – [c] Repeats signal then raises arm above Head clenched thumb up. – [d] Engine ready
[c] or Raises Open Hand above Head – [d] Engine not Ready
[a] Ready to Rev – [b] As Above – [c] As Above – [d] Ready or Wait
[a] Chocks Away – [b] Waves side to side – [c] Removes Chocks Salutes & Stand Clear – [d] all Clear to Taxi
[a] Stand Clear – [b] As Above – [c] Gives Stop – [d] or [underlined] Wait [/underlined]
– [c] Raises Arm above Head Beckoning A/C forward – [d] Come Straight Ahead
– [c] As above 1 Hand still – [d] Turns towards still Hand
[a] Change Direction [b] Raises & Lowers Arm in Direction – [c] Points out obstruction after giving Stop.
[c] Crosses Arms above Head – [d] Switch off Engines.
[underlined] By Night [/underlined]
[underlined] Ground Crew [/underlined] [underlined] Meaning [/underlined]
Rotates Blue Torches Should High – Come Straight Ahead
1 Torch steady, other rotating – Turn towards steady Torch
Both still pointing to ground – Stop Keep Engines Running.
Torches criss-cross across Body – A/C at Parking Place Switch off Engines.
[page break]
[underlined] Ground Signals. [/underlined]
Responsibility for ground signals falls on Duty Pilot or Control Officer for the day, he is assisted by airmen in the laying out of the signals, the various signals are as follows :-
[underlined] Duty Flight [/underlined]
This signal consists of a white part surmounted by 2 yellow disks, set vertically & at rightangle [sic] to each other, it is placed in the vicinity of the flight in question, who receive all visiting a/c & carry out the necessary maintenance work required. [symbol]
[underlined] Signal Area [/underlined]
40 feet by 40 feet with a foot-wide strip [symbol] Situated outside the Watch Office or Control Tower & it is on this that most of the Signals are laid out. [underlined] The red square [/underlined] displayed in the top left hand corner indicates that the aerodrome is not open to civil a/c.
[underlined] Red Right-angled Arrow. [/underlined]
Indicates that all circuits must be made to the night before landing & when taking off no signal is displayed
[page break]
for left hand circuitS
[underlined] Red & Green Flags [/underlined]
Where variable circuit is in operation (OTU Training) the circuit is indicated to personnel on the ground by a Red flag being flown on the signal mast for left hand Circuits, Green for right. [sketch]
[underlined] A Yellow diagonal Bar on Red Square. [/underlined] [sketch]
Indicates that temporary obstructions exist on the aerodrome & care must be exercised on landing. Bottom Left to Top Right diagonal.
[underlined] Yellow diagonal Cross [/underlined] [sketch]
Total prohibition of all a/c Landing.
[underlined] Landing direction T 8’ 6” with Block Roll on Mast. [/underlined]
This is placed in the hollow square when light or variable winds are experienced & indicates that the wind sock is to be ignored, all a/c to land in the direction indicated by the T. All smoke indicators should be turned off.
[underlined] White Hollow Square [/underlined]
This 8’ 6” square indicates that practice bombing is in progress on the aerodrome, the target itself
[page break]
Is a white 15’ square placed the most suitably on the aerodrome.
[underlined] Red G on White Triangle 12’ [/underlined] [sketch]
Indicates the presence of gas, on landing the aircraft must turn up wind to the windward side of the aerodrome & await further orders. The presence of a red box on the triangle [sketch] indicates that a/c must [underlined] not [/underlined] land.
[underlined] A White Cross with a Red ball on Signal Mast [/underlined] [2 sketches]
Indicates Parachute jumping in progress
[underlined] A 6’ Yellow triangle piramid [sic] on Mast. [/underlined] [sketch]
Indicates to Pilots the Lorenze [sic] beam is in operation & must avoid turning across its path
[underlined] 2 Red balls on Mast [/underlined] [sketch]
Indicate that aircraft towing gliders are landing on aerodrome.
[underlined] 2 White disks joined by White Bar [/underlined] [sketch]
Indicates that aerodrome is unserviceable except for permanent run ways.
[page break]
[underlined] Recall Signals. [/underlined]
(1) White disks above T All a/c of that station to return to the aerodrome. [sketch]
(2) 2 White Disks at foot of T all a/c to return to their station. [sketch]
(3) 2 White Disks at both Ends of T, General recall of all a/c to the nearest station. [sketch]
[underlined] Croydon [/underlined]
A Block C on White oblong [sketch] Good Visibility
2 Block Bars [sketch] come in according to AM Orders. Weather Bad.
[underlined] Marking of Unserviceable Parts of Aerodrome. [/underlined]
The unserviceable area is enclosed by white corner pieces with white cross in the middle.
[diagram]
[page break]
for taxying purposes, white strips are attached to poles & are placed in the ground to mark the bad area.
[underlined] Night Flying Procedure. [/underlined]
The General Principle of Night Flying are the same throughout the RAF, although the system will vary, for instance an Ops Squadron will observe a different method to an F.T.S. The following system will be found in operation throughout RAF:-
1) [underlined] Standard Flare path [/underlined]
[diagram]
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The laying out of Flare Path is under the control of an officer who should see that all the necessary equipment is serviceable & he should organise [sic], ambulances, fire trucks, marshalling vehicle etc. The Flare path laid out overleaf may be laid out with parafin [sic] flares or glim lamps, The Parafin [sic] Flares are known as the [underlined] Money Flare [/underlined] or the [underlined] Goose Neck Flares. [/underlined] The Money Flare are generally used in foggy weather, double banked if necessary, they give a longer illumination that [sic] the goose neck & help to dispel the fog in their vicinity. The goose Neck is used in misty weather or emergency to put out the G.N. Flare pull the wick back into the spout. The Money Flare is pushed up & placed in the bucket & covered with the lid.
[underlined] Glim Lamps. [/underlined] These are used to Mark obstructions (Red) Boundaries (Amber) or to replace the Parafin Flares as the means of illumination for the Flare Path (White). The Glim Lamp is a small portable lamp operated by an accumulator in the body
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[rear cover]
[map of the United Kingdom}
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[inverted pages, working backwards though notebook]
[list of Kings and Queens of England]
[list of Historical Events]
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it has a small switch on the side the glass globes are interchangeable hence the Red, White & Amber.
[underlined] Angle of Glide [/underlined] indicator, this device is so placed so that the a/c clears all objects during the approach consists of three coloured lights so arranged that when the approach is properly sighted the pilot if too low sees a red light, too High a White light & if correct a Green Light. It is not used when the Flood light is in operation.
[underlined] Floodlight. [/underlined] This is switched on to illuminate the ground as the a/c comes in to land
[underlined] Aerodrome Marker Beacon. [/underlined]
Consists of a Neon Light mounted on a trailer, situated near the aerodrome, it Flashes a Red Morse Characteristic.
[underlined] Illuminated Wind Indicator. [/underlined]
Consists of a large White T mounted on wheels The upper surface illuminated with White Electric Lamps. The T is placed into the wind & by switching out various lights the speed of the wind can be given. The T is placed near the Watch office.
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[underlined] The Macdonald Flare Path. [/underlined]
[sketch]
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[underlined] Macdonald Flare Path [/underlined]
Designed to permit the safe landing of a/c in Wartime especially when hostile a/c are in the vicinity. It can be switched off or on instantaneously. It can be varied in strength according to visibility it is directional & can be seen from down wind. It cannot be seen from an a/c flying directly above the aerodrome, which makes it difficult for the enemy to bomb the flare path. It consists of electric cable attached to the flood light & 8 special electric Lanterns in the form of an L attached by a plug & lead to the main cable.
[underlined] Drem System. [/underlined]
This system is the one in general use today.
[underlined] The outer circle [/underlined] is a series of lights strung round the extremities of the aerodrome on a radius of 2,000 yards, lights normally 700 yards apart reduced to 350 at the funnels.
[underlined] Funnels. [/underlined] opposite the openings of each runway. It is a narrowing funnel 200 yds deep averaging 350 yds wide at the outer circle, the lighting is so arranged
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so that any one funnel can be switched on or off at will also independent of the outer circle lighting
[underlined] Floodlight. [/underlined]
Indicates to descending a/c which funnel to use for correct landing is placed approx 500 from the outer circle. on the left hand Side of the funnel pointing inwards.
[underlined] Runway lights. [/underlined]
Along each side of the runway lamps are lit into the ground or plug points are provided for lamps similar to the glim lamp, they are so hooded that only the left hand lamps are seen by the pilot taking off or landing. The third lamp is duplicated to indicate to the pilot that he will overshoot if he doesn’t touch down before he reaches it. At either end of the runway are 10ft totem poles on which are placed a series of lights a foot apart (hooded lights) those facing inward a [sic] white those facing out are red. Only the totem pole lights facing the direction of approach are lit at any one time.
[underlined] The glide path indicator [/underlined] is for the usual purpose
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[underlined] Using the Area. [/underlined]
Take off – Left hand pathway of runway lit near side of the totem poles lit and the up wind funnel. The outer circle lights will be off in most cases.
[underlined] Landing [/underlined]
Left hand of flare path & near side of totem poles lit angle of glide lit & down wind funnel Passing through funnel pilot sees red lights of totem poles & the lights of the angle of glide then the flare path the end of which will be shown by the white lights on the far totem pole. As the aircraft passes the down wind funnel the up wind funnel will be switched on.
In bad weather the outer circle will be lit and the searchlight switch onto the correct funnel.
In this case the pilot will contact the outer circle bear right and fly round it in a left hand turn when he will come across the searchlight he will then bear right, turn left round the searchlight & then straight down the funnel.
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all lighting is controlled from control tower or watch office.
[underlined] Maintenance & Engine Running. [/underlined]
Fire Extinguisher, Suitable Ground, Tail Clearance of any objects essential. Nose to Wind
(1) [underlined] Handling Aircraft [/underlined] [symbol] Tail first. Use of Chocks.
(2) [underlined] Refuelling. [/underlined]
100 Octane Green 87 Blue 73 Orange Yellow 90 Octane Blend of 100 + 87 [indecipherable word] also blended. All Service Tanks marked clearly with their fuels Octane No. Hose must go over leading edge, bowser placed for quick getaway. Nozzle Bonded. [indecipherable word] nozzle. Oil filter cleaned every 600 galls Fuel Filter every 100 gallons.
(3) [underlined] Cockpit Preparation. [/underlined]
AMOA.172 Against Orders to run up with Brakes On. [inserted] 25/2/43 [/inserted] Running testing & handing on the ground A.M.O.A172. [indecipherable word] many orders combined in Volume 1.
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[underlined] Procedure [/underlined]
(1) Gun Button Safe. (2) Switches off. (3) Check all Hydraulic & Pneumatic Selector Levers. U/C Down Flaps up.
[underlined] Starting [/underlined]
Gills must be open when starting. Air Intake Shutters in the Cold Air position, open. for fire precautions & lock fire precaution.
[underlined] Throttle [/underlined] Individual opening
[underlined]M/C [/underlined] Controlled at Normal.
[underlined] Petrol [/underlined] turned on.
[underlined] Airscrew [/underlined] Control must be Fully Fine.
[underlined] 2 speed Blower [/underlined] in M Gear
[underlined] Starting [/underlined] Check airscrew for hydraulic lock.
[sketch]
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Press button for 10 seconds only then 25 seconds rest.
[underlined] Warming Up. [/underlined] Synchronis [sic] Period when vibrations [indecipherable word]. AMO’s Order [underlined] no [/underlined] long periods of slow running First thing oil pressure – immediate response or cut engine.
Slow run over 800 revs to splash oil
H.I.O.P. should put pressure off dial.
Shut air intake shutters.
Oil pressure should drop to somewhere around 80 [symbol]”. 15⁰C. Emergency with 100lb [symbol] [indecipherable word] 5⁰C.
With HIOP Take off Emergency 100 “5”⁰C. with 100lbs [symbol]”.
Glyc 133 [2 indecipherable words] Glycol 344A with [indecipherable word] water
Run between 800 & 1200 until oil reaches 80lb [symbol]”
[underlined] Cylinder Temp [/underlined] Minimum Ground Test 100 Minimum Take off 120.
Limitation for Cruising should not be exceeded on the Ground.
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[underlined] Ground Test Checking [/underlined]
[underlined] Perseus X & Perseus XA [/underlined]
Warm up Engine @ 800 – 1000 RPM till Oil Pressure settles & Temp is 15⁰C
Run Engine @ 2400 RPM @ 1 1/2 lb [symbol]” boost.
(1) Check oil Pressure LBS [symbol]”
(2) Check oil Temp. ⁰C
(3) Check Cylinder Head Temp ⁰C
[underlined] Check Automatic M/C [/underlined]
(1) Check Constant Speed Control @ Max RPM.
(2) Throttle set to -1/2lb [symbol]” boost (Max Rich Cruising)
(3) Mixture Control Lever in Normal or Auto Rich
(4) Change M/C from Normal to Weak. RPM should drop Change back to Normal, Revs should reach Original.
[underlined] Power Checks (Check Boost & RPM) [/underlined]
(1) Mixture Control Normal
(2) Throttle in Y.O.B. Position.
[underlined] (3) R.P.M. Control in Max R.P.M. Check RPM & Boost [/underlined]
(1) Mixture Control in Normal
(2) Throttle in Max Climbing Boost Position.
(3) R.P.M Control in Max R.P.M. Check RPM & Boost or Controlling at 2400 RPM.
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(1) Mixture Control in Auto Weak
(2) Throttle in Economical Cruising
(3) RPM Lever in Max RPM. Check RPM & Boost
[underlined] Check Magnetos [/underlined]
(1) Run Engine @ Max Rich [indecipherable word] & 1 1/2lb Boost
(2) R.P.M. Control @ Max R.P.M.
(3) M/C Normal.
[underlined] Check Mags Independently, Note drop in Revs. [/underlined]
[underlined] Check Constant Speed Drop from F to C [/underlined]
(1) M/C. Normal
(2) Throttle set to give -1/2lb [symbol]“ Boost [inserted] 2400 [/inserted] (Max Cruising)
(3) RPM Lever Max RPM.
Move Lever to Min RPM, Note drop in RPM move Lever back to Max RPM.
[underlined] Constant Speed Check. [/underlined]
(1) Set RPM @ 2400 RPM (Controlling)
(2) Throttle still @ -1/2lb Boost
(3) Move Throttle Lever “Slowly” Backwards & forward. to vary the Boost Pressure 1/2lb either side of the Boost Reading, RPM should Remain Constant
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[underlined] Check 2 Speed Blower [/underlined] Wellington
(1) M/C Normal or Auto Rich
(2) Throttle set to Climbing Boost (1 1/2lb Boost [underlined indecipherable word])
(3) RPM Lever in Max RPM.
(4) Supercharger in M. Gear Ratio.
(5) Change to L. Gear Ratio “Without Dwell” note momentary drop in Oil Pressure, boost should remain the same, RPM will drop slightly approx 50 – 100 RPM.
[underlined] Wellington is 2 1/2 boost & set 1 1/2 as [indecipherable word] Limiting operational Conditions. [/underlined]
[underlined] Takeoff [/underlined]
Maximum for 1000 ft or 3 minute
Max RPM 2650
Minimum 2180
Boost +3lbs [symbol]”
[underlined] Max Climbing. [/underlined]
Max Climbing RPM 2400
Boost + 1 1/2lb [symbol]”
Cylinder Head Temp 250⁰ C (30 minutes Limit)
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[underlined] Max Level Flight [/underlined]
Max Level Flight (5 minute limit) RPM 2750
Boost +3lb [symbol]”
Cylinder Head Temp 260⁰ C.
[underlined] Max Cruising [/underlined]
Max Cruising (With Auto Rich Mixture) RPM. 2400
Boost +1 1/4lb [symbol]”
Cylinder Temp 230⁰ C.
[underlined] Max Cruising (Auto Weak Mixture) RPM. 2400 [/underlined]
Boost +1 1/4lb [symbol]”
Cylinder Temp 230⁰ C.
[underlined] Max Cruising [/underlined] (Auto Weak Mixture) RPM 2400
Boost -1/2lb [symbol]”
Cylinder Temp 230⁰ C.
[underlined] Maximum for Terminal Velocity Dive (Not over 20 secs) [/underlined]
Max T.V. Dive RPM 3120
Boost +3lb [symbol]”
[underlined] Inlet Oil Temperatures [/underlined]
T.O. Minimum for Cold Starting (H.I.O.P.) 5⁰ C.
Minimum Recommended 15⁰ C. Max for Cruising 70⁰ C.
Max for Climbing (30 min Limit) 80⁰ C.
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Emergency Max (5 min Limit) 90⁰ C.
[underlined] Oil Pressure [/underlined]
Normal 80lb [symbol]”. Emergency Minimum 10lbs [symbol]”
All the above information and that relevant to any engine, may be found in the description handbook volume 1 of that engine or aeroplane. The starting procedure as well as ground checks & running must be taken only from the handbook.
[underlined] U.M.O’s [/underlined]
Part 1 Squadron C.O. Guide Book
Part 2 Maintenance for all trades
Issue 1 Air Ministry to Command
Issue 2 Command to Squadron
Squadron C.O. can only add to Issue 2 not delete.
A. Airframe B Engine C Instrument Repairs. &
AP 1538 VP & adjustable Airscrew.
1181 Starter Systems
1182 Parachutes
1374 Magnetos
1574 Aeroplane Maintenance Regulations
1095 Electrical Equipment
1260 Schedule of Plugs & Accessory’s
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[underlined] Coffman Starter [/underlined]
Needs specialised maintenance at factory – made of S. Steel – operated through electric circuit.
Cartridge drives engine through 3 1/2 turns – contains [indecipherable word]. Starts with all switches in [underlined] on [/underlined] position.
[sketch]
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Parachutes
DYD 67 English Silk 22 – 24 ft span
2 ft hole. 24 gores divided in 4 panels 2 point Detachable
[underlined] Inspect following before Flight [/underlined]
(1) See that safety thread is intact on the locking pins.
(2) See that the locking Pins are not bent.
(3) Examine the pack cover for dampness, damage or acid contamination.
(4) Examine harness & stitching
(5) See that harness fits securely (Loose harness fatal)
(6) See that the quick release box functions freely.
(7) For observer type see that snap hook works freely and that the Spring Clips are OK.
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[underlined] Running Faults [/underlined]
[underlined] Engine Overheating. [/underlined] Possible causes include weak mixture due to cracked manifold, or leaky induction system. Ignition timing or valve timing incorrect. Faulty cooling, including incorrect use of cowling gills or faulty baffling (air cooled) and insufficient coolant or use of flap controls (liquid cooled) Incorrect grade of oil, insufficient oil in circulation.
[underlined] Low Oil Pressure. [/underlined] Possible causes include incorrect grade of oil, insufficient oil, air leak on suction side of pump (this will cause fluctuation on pressure gauge) Choked filters, obstruction in pipe line, relief valve spring fatigued, faulty pump, U/S gauge, Worn Bearings, Oil Temp too High.
[underlined] Engine Runs Rough & Vibration [/underlined] Possible causes include Weak engine mountings, loose bearer bolts, U/S Plugs, or leads, Sticking valves, broken valve springs, Leaky Induction System, Propeller out of track, loose on shaft, or out of balance (blades damaged).
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[underlined] Popping Back in Air Intake [/underlined] Possible causes include Slow running cut-out incorrectly adjusted, dirty plugs (ignition pre), weak mixture, sticking valves, broken valve spring, leaky induction, U/S contact breaker.
[underlined] Engine fails to develop full Power. [/underlined] Possible causes include, valve clearances incorrect, broken valve spring, sticking valves, Piston rings broken, weak or seized, Valves leaking, Shorting H.T. lead, Magneto dirty or incorrectly timed, Loose or U/S plugs, Over heating, weak mixture, Rich mixture, Popping back, low or fluctuating Boost Pressure, Throttle incorrectly adjusted.
[underlined] Rich Mixture [/underlined] Possible causes include, incorrect needle projection (SU) Porous float, worn or dirty needle valve, power jet incorrectly timed, priming pump not screwed down, fuel pressure too high. (pump spring)
[underlined] Weak Mixture. [/underlined] Possible causes include. Leaking induction system, Choked jets, filters or pipe lines, float on needle valve stuck, leaking or maladjusted mixture control, fuel pressure
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too low, leak on suction side of pump (fuel), Needle Projection (Rolls Royce) incorrectly Set.
[underlined] Halifax [/underlined]
Start – check switches [inserted] 600 [/inserted] & temperature – Open throttle to Zero [inserted] 2550 [/inserted] Boost – change from Fine to Course Revs drop may be 700 or over do this twice. Check Constant Speed Unit – RPM Lever midway (4) Pull Throttle back then open up – revs remain same – boost [indecipherable word] Push RPM lever back to Fine.
2 Speed Blower – Zero Boost Change from M to S – Drop in Revs Momentary Rise in Revs.
[underlined] Check Mags. [/underlined] XX +7 X +4
At +1
Throttle Back to 1,000 or just over then snap Throttle shut to make sure Engine does not stop.
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Revision
[underlined] Electrics [/underlined]
The Current varies in [underlined] proportion [/underlined] to the voltage
The Current varies in inverse proportion to the resistance
Watts = Power generated = V x I. [symbol] [symbol]
Resistance in Parallel = I/R = I/R + I/R + I/R
Resistance in Series = R = R + R + R
Batteries in Parallel + = + — - — No Increase in Voltage Increase in Amp hours
Batteries in Series + - — + — — Increase voltage No increase in capacity.
No Connection of Bank of Batteries unless same [symbol] voltage x [symbol]
Field strength = Amps time * No of Wire Turns.
V = No of Turns of Wire x Speed of Turning X x Field Strength.
[sketch]
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[arithmetical tables]
Collection
Citation
A Gould, “Flight engineers course notes,” IBCC Digital Archive, accessed June 16, 2025, https://ibccdigitalarchive.omeka.net/collections/document/28706.